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Imagine that you are doing a project on what Zetland teenagers do to stay healthy. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).

Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

The opinion poll question:
What do you consider the most important healthy habit?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when trying to lead a healthy lifestyle and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most important way to stay healthy.

Imagine that you are doing a project on the interests of young people in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).

Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

The opinion poll question:
Which activity are you most interested in?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when teenagers choose a hobby and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most useful hobby for young people.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which extracurricular activities Zetland teenagers prefer. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).

Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

The opinion poll question:
Which extracurricular activity would you like to attend?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when attending extracurricular activities and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the best extracurricular activity for teenagers.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which natural places in their country Zetlanders would most like to visit. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).

Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

The opinion poll question:
Which type of natural place would you most like to visit?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when travelling to natural areas and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most attractive natural place for travelling.

Imagine that you are doing a project on how Zetlanders prefer to travel around their country. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).

Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

The opinion poll question:
Which means of transport do you prefer for long-distance travel?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise during long-distance travel and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the best means of transport for travelling around your country.

Imagine that you are doing a project on what Zetlanders do to protect the environment. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).

Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

The opinion poll question:
Which environmental habit do you practise most often?

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when people try to live in an environmentally friendly way and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most effective way individuals can protect the environment.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which cultural places Zetlanders would like to visit most. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when visiting cultural places and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of visiting cultural places.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which Russian achievements Zetlanders find the most interesting. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when young people learn about cultural and scientific achievements and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on why countries should promote their achievements.

Imagine that you are doing a project on what Zetland teenagers consider important when choosing a future job. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when choosing a profession and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most important factor when choosing a career.

Imagine that you are doing a project on why Zetland teenagers want to enter university. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that students can face when entering university and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the role of higher education in a successful career.

Imagine that you are doing a project on what helps Zetland teenagers choose their future profession. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when choosing a profession and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the best way to choose a future career.

Imagine that you are doing a project on why Zetland teenagers learn foreign languages. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when learning foreign languages and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of knowing foreign languages in the modern world.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which school activities Zetland students consider the most useful. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise in the learning process and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most effective school activities.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which areas of scientific progress Zetlanders consider the most promising. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise because of scientific and technological progress and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the most important area of scientific development.

Imagine that you are doing a project on which digital technologies Zetlanders use most often. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise from using digital technologies and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the role of information technologies in everyday life.

Imagine that you are doing a project on what Zetlanders enjoy most about national holidays. You have found some data on the subject – the results of the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).

Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.

Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

– make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
– select and report 2–3 facts;
– make 1–2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
– outline a problem that can arise when celebrating national holidays and suggest a way of solving it;
– conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of national holidays and traditions.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. A place with a dangerous reputation

2. A unique animal community

3. Protecting the natural treasures

4. A landscape created by water

5. The unusual inhabitants of the desert

6. A forest full of ancient secrets

7. A natural area for relaxation

8. The role of climate in nature

A. Australia is famous for its extraordinary landscapes and remarkable biodiversity. The continent is home to many species that cannot be found anywhere else on Earth. Scientists explain this uniqueness by the fact that Australia was separated from other continents for millions of years. As a result, many animals and plants developed independently and adapted to local conditions. This natural isolation created one of the most unusual ecosystems in the world.

B. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most impressive natural structures on the planet. It stretches for thousands of kilometres along the coast of Australia and consists of millions of tiny organisms called coral polyps. The reef provides shelter for numerous marine species, including colourful fish and sea turtles. However, rising ocean temperatures and pollution threaten this fragile environment.

C. The Australian desert may seem empty and lifeless at first glance, but it contains many fascinating examples of adaptation. Some animals can survive with very little water and avoid extreme heat by changing their behaviour. For example, certain creatures become active only at night when temperatures are lower. These survival strategies allow them to exist in one of the harshest environments on Earth.

D. Australian forests contain some of the oldest living plants in the world. Certain trees have existed for hundreds of years and have developed special features that help them survive fires and changing weather conditions. Researchers study these forests because they provide important information about climate history and the evolution of plants.

E. Australia has many protected areas created to preserve its natural heritage. National parks and wildlife reserves help scientists monitor endangered species and maintain ecological balance. Government organisations and environmental groups work together to reduce the negative impact of human activity. These efforts are essential because many unique species depend on these protected environments.

F. The Australian climate strongly influences the appearance and behaviour of living organisms. Different regions of the country have completely different weather conditions, from tropical areas in the north to cooler zones in the south. Plants and animals have developed various adaptations that allow them to survive in these diverse environments.

G. Some Australian natural areas attract millions of visitors every year because of their beauty and peaceful atmosphere. Tourists come to enjoy beaches, forests and national parks. These places provide opportunities for outdoor activities and help people relax away from busy city life. At the same time, visitors are encouraged to follow environmental rules to avoid damaging nature.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. The first attempts to record information
2. A new form of reading
3. Books that changed society
4. Protecting valuable examples of the past
5. The people behind modern publishing
6. A place where knowledge is collected
7. The influence of technology on books
8. Reading as a social activity

A. Long before modern books appeared, people searched for ways to preserve important information. Ancient civilisations used different materials, including stone, clay and special plant fibres, to record their ideas. These early examples were not similar to modern books, but they played an essential role in keeping knowledge for future generations. Scientists study these objects to understand how human communication developed over time.

B. Libraries have always been connected with the preservation and organisation of knowledge. In ancient times, they stored valuable manuscripts that contained information about science, history and culture. Today, libraries have changed significantly and offer visitors access to printed books as well as digital resources. Although people can find information online, libraries continue to remain important educational centres.

C. The invention of printing technology transformed the way people received information. Before this development, books were expensive and could only be produced in limited numbers. The creation of printing machines allowed texts to become available to a much wider audience. This change contributed to the spread of education and helped scientific ideas reach more people.

D. Some books have had a remarkable impact on society because they introduced new ideas and influenced people’s opinions. Scientific works, historical texts and literary masterpieces have changed the way people understand the world. Researchers often study famous publications because they reflect important changes in culture and human thinking.

E. Modern publishing involves many specialists who work together to create books. Authors develop ideas and write texts, while editors, designers and other professionals prepare materials for readers. Although digital technologies have changed the industry, human creativity remains a central part of the publishing process.

F. Electronic books have become increasingly popular in recent years. Many readers appreciate digital formats because they allow people to store thousands of texts on a single device. However, some researchers believe that printed books still have advantages because they create a different reading experience and help people concentrate better.

G. Reading has traditionally been considered an individual activity, but it can also bring people together. Book clubs and literary events allow readers to discuss stories, exchange opinions and discover new authors. Such activities demonstrate that books can connect people with similar interests.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. A journey through enormous distances
2. Producing light without electricity
3. An important source of scientific information
4. Dangerous encounters with sea creatures
5. Human activity changes the underwater world
6. A world we still know little about
7. Technology makes the impossible possible
8. Surviving under extreme pressure

A. Oceans cover most of our planet, yet surprisingly little is known about what lies beneath their surface. Scientists have created detailed maps of the Moon and Mars, but large areas of the ocean floor have never been studied directly. One reason is that exploring the deep sea is extremely difficult and expensive. Researchers regularly discover previously unknown species, unusual geological formations and entire ecosystems. For marine scientists, therefore, the ocean remains one of the greatest unexplored regions on Earth.

B. Sunlight cannot reach the deepest parts of the ocean, so these areas are permanently dark. Nevertheless, some of their inhabitants have developed an extraordinary ability called bioluminescence. Chemical reactions inside their bodies allow them to create their own light. Some fish use it to attract prey, while other creatures produce sudden flashes to confuse predators. Although the phenomenon looks almost magical, scientists have discovered that it is a highly efficient biological process.

C. Animals living thousands of metres below the surface face conditions that would be fatal to most familiar species. The weight of the water above them creates tremendous pressure, while temperatures are usually very low. Deep-sea creatures have developed special body structures and chemical processes that enable them to function normally in this hostile environment. Interestingly, bringing some of these animals rapidly to the surface can be harmful because their bodies are adapted to completely different physical conditions.

D. Some marine animals spend their lives moving between regions separated by thousands of kilometres. Whales, sea turtles and certain fish regularly travel across vast areas of the ocean to find food or reproduce. Researchers are particularly interested in how these creatures navigate because there are no roads or visible signs to guide them. Evidence suggests that some species may use the Earth's magnetic field, the position of the Sun and even underwater sounds to determine their direction.

E. For centuries, people assumed that the ocean was too large to be seriously affected by human behaviour. Modern research has shown that this is not true. Plastic waste can travel far from the place where it was thrown away, and tiny particles have been discovered in marine organisms. Fishing and rising water temperatures can also influence entire ecosystems. Scientists stress that changes occurring in one part of the ocean may eventually affect regions located far away.

F. Ocean research can also help scientists understand events that happened long before humans began keeping written records. Layers of material on the seabed contain chemical evidence of previous environmental conditions. By analysing these deposits, specialists can reconstruct changes in temperature and learn about the Earth's climate in earlier periods. In this way, information hidden beneath the waves can contribute to our understanding of both the planet's past and its possible future.

G. Reaching the deepest parts of the sea was once considered almost impossible. Today, researchers use remotely operated vehicles, robotic submarines and sophisticated cameras to investigate places that humans cannot safely visit. Some machines can collect samples from the seabed and transmit images to research vessels above. Improvements in engineering are gradually allowing scientists to examine environments that remained completely inaccessible only a few decades ago.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Necessary Components
2. Important Conclusion
3. Useful Advice
4. Significant Difference
5. Health Risks
6. Moderation Is the Key!
7. Diet and Exercise
8. Benefits of Good Nutrition

A. Developing healthy eating habits is simpler and easier than you might think. You will look and feel better if you make a habit of eating healthfully. You will have more energy and your immune system will be stronger. When you eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, you are lowering your risk of heart disease, cancers and many other serious health ailments. Healthy eating habits are your ticket to a healthier body and mind.

B. A four-week clinical trial that tested the new regimen found that overweight adults who consumed a high-protein, entirely vegan diet were able to lose about the same amount of weight as a comparison group of dieters on a high-carbohydrate, low-fat vegetarian dairy diet. But while those on the high-carbohydrate dairy diet experienced drops of 12 percent in their cholesterol, those on the high-protein vegan diet saw cholesterol reductions of 20 percent.

C. ‘The idea preyed on me for a long time. If the Atkins Diet looks good, and it’s got so much saturated fat and cholesterol in it, suppose we took that out and put vegetarian protein sources in, which may lower cholesterol,’ Dr Jenkins said. ‘We know that nuts lower cholesterol and prevent heart disease, and soy is eaten in the Far East, where they don’t get much heart disease. So we put these foods together as protein and fat sources.’

D. The first official warning about the dangers of the Atkins diet was issued by the government amid concern about the rising number of people opting for the high-fat, high-protein diet. Cutting out starchy foods can be bad for your health because you could be missing out on a range of nutrients. Low-carbohydrate diets tend to be high in fat, and this could increase your chances of developing coronary heart disease.

E. Earlier this year, a large study that compared different kinds of diets — including low-fat and low-carbohydrate plans — found that the method didn’t matter as long as people cut calories. That study also found that after two years, most people had regained at least some of the weight they had lost. Dr Tuttle said that while different weight loss plans offer people different ‘tricks’ and strategies, ultimately, ‘It really comes down to calories in and calories out.’

F. When you think about nutrition, be aware of serving sizes. Many people will eat everything on their plate, regardless of how hungry they actually are. If you know you tend to clean your plate, make an effort to reduce your serving size. If you’re eating out or dining at a friend’s house, don’t be shy about asking for smaller portion sizes. Too much of any one food is a bad thing. There are no bad foods, just bad eating habits.

G. Your body has to stay well hydrated to perform at its best and to properly process all the nutrients in the food you eat. Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day. You may need even more water if you are in a hot environment or if you are exercising. If you are trying to lose weight, add plenty of ice to each glass of water. Your body will burn energy to warm the water up to body temperature.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Use Silence
2. Gestures and Posture
3. Audience Awareness
4. Sensible Dress
5. Distinct and Audible Speech
6. Consider Context
7. Speaking Through Eyes
8. Strategic Listening

A.The first thing that a good speaker does is look at the audience and take a pause before beginning his speech. This helps to create a good impression on the audience. Throughout the speech, the speaker should maintain eye contact with the listeners, otherwise they will feel that they are being ignored and it is quite likely that they also ignore whatever he is trying to convey.

B.Proper variation in emotion and tempo of the voice improves the quality of performance. Accurate pronunciation of words with due stresses wherever required must be done. One more important thing while communicating is that your voice must be clear and loud enough for the audience to hear it. A loud voice can be a strong point for being an effective speaker.

C.Concentrate on your ideas and do not get distracted by the activities performed by the audience, for example, smiling or whispering. To make your communication successful get the clue about the listeners and their interests. Think over the age, sex and background of the people. See whether the audience is patient enough to handle you for hours. Check out if they are friendly or hostile.

D.Facial expressions reveal what thoughts are running through a person’s mind. So while communicating, make sure that your facial expressions reveal your interest for the subject on which you are communicating. The body movements while speaking must coordinate with your convincing power. They must add to the things which are more effectively caught visually than verbally.

E.If you are trying to improve your own communication, concentrate on ways to make your nonverbal signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. Some situations require more formal behaviour that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. So when you are communicating with others, always take into account the situation in which the communication occurs.

F.Don’t be afraid to pause and breathe. Listeners need time to reflect on what you are saying. Just like we need ‘white space’ and punctuation on the written page, we need pauses when we speak. Talking non-stop is a huge drawback. Having the confidence to pause for a few seconds in between sentences commands attention rather than diverts it.

G.The appearance plays an important role in presenting ourselves to society. The people who wear clothes suitable to their body structure look attractive. A person’s physical appearance creates a definite impact on the communication process. Our clothes should not be too modern for the people whom we are interacting with. However, they should be able to create a positive impression on them.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Exotic Pets
2. Going Back in Time
3. Small Screen Addiction
4. Body Language
5. Massive Destruction
6. Buried Treasure
7. Reason for Extinction
8. Intelligent Enemies

A.The VLT (Very Large Telescope) is the world’s largest telescope and it is taking scientists further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible. In other words, the VLT is a kind of a time machine, giving astronomers detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. One day, we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

B.The latest development in the debate amongst scientists about what killed the prehistoric dinosaurs is the suggestion that acid rain was the cause. Some geologists suggest that a large meteor hitting the Earth at 65 kilometres per second would have led to strongly acidic rain falling all over the world. This idea is fascinating but it would mean the dinosaurs would all have died within a very short time.

C.In 1948, a British farmer discovered an interesting lump of metal while ploughing his field. At first he thought the metal bits were parts of an old bed. Then more ‘parts of old beds’ turned up and the farmer took them to the local museum. ‘But these bits are priceless!’ exclaimed the keeper of the museum. ‘They are Iron Age jewellery and coins!’ Over the next 40 years, more and more items were found in the same field.

D.Rats may have had a bit of a hard time over the years but these days lots of people are forgetting about guinea-pigs and hamsters and are buying rats instead. Domestic rats aren’t the same as the ones that run around rubbish bins — they’re actually quite cute. They are very intelligent and can be trained like dogs. They come in different colours and — a big bonus — they will eat anything!

E.In Western cultures, people look each other in the eye during a conversation to show interest and trust, but in many Asian countries, it’s rude to look people in the eye, especially a superior such as a teacher. One of the most basic and powerful signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others.

F.Earthquakes happen all the time in all parts of the world but we don’t notice most of them because they are small. However, big earthquakes are really dangerous. They can make buildings fall down, set off landslides and do other deadly things. The highest death toll caused by an earthquake was in China in 1556, when at least 830,000 people died.

G.According to scientists, Americans watch more TV on average than any other nationality. In fact, many people, particularly children, sit for 35 hours or more per week glued to the box. What’s wrong with watching all that TV? Studies have linked it to everything from obesity to aggression in children not to mention that it puts your mind into a sort of sedated state. Habitual television watching, over long periods of time, has been known to cause depression and anger.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Hazardous Waste
2. Invisible Threat
3. Primary Reason
4. Possible Solutions
5. Global Destruction
6. Disastrous Growth
7. Water Shortage
8. Quick Change

A.Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other’s environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some scientists think that human production is primarily responsible, while others cite natural causes as well.

B.Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to taxpayers and polluting industries.

C.Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the Earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D.Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health.

E.Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical. So it’s important to make people realize the disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F.Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rainforest are cut down every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.

G.The world’s population has been booming for years. The population is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many parts of the world even worse.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. The Best Way of Learning
2. Key Factor in Learning
3. Linguistic Interference
4. Universal Language
5. Online Learning
6. Language Extinction
7. Learning by Imitation
8. Sign Language

A.Young children have a genetic ability to learn language. They come into the world as eager learning machines, and language acquisition is a major aspect of this learning. How children actually learn language is not entirely clear, however. Most linguists believe that they do it primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers. Initially, this means that they copy the way adults use words and grammar.

B.Learning a second or third language is easier in early childhood than later. It is particularly important to learn correct pronunciation as young as possible. At any age, learning by constant contact with native speakers in their own society is the quickest and the most effective method. It is superior to taking foreign language classes because it forces you to concentrate on it all of the time.

C.Learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language. There can be some blending of phonemes. For instance, most Americans who learn French in high school or college pronounce French words with a distinctive American accent. Grammar can also be affected. English speakers who learn both French and Spanish sometimes combine grammatical rules of both when speaking either of them.

D.Until just a few years ago, language study was limited to the classroom or personal tutor, or home study by book. In the last few decades technology has given us a much needed audio option — first vinyl records, then cassettes and CDs. Now technology has given us a new format — the Internet. Options to learn a language by Internet are still limited but the potential is not.

E.What is important when learning a language? If you have the desire and persistence, time is the only factor that you may have to work with. How much time you can devote to learning will play a role in how quickly you can learn the language. Just remember how exciting it will be and how rewarding you will feel at the accomplishment.

F.Rather than have businessmen, diplomats, scientists and tourists from every country learning all the major languages that they want to learn or need to learn, Esperantists would have everyone just learn one second language — Esperanto. Then everyone could communicate with everyone, everywhere. The major ‘national’ languages could keep their special characteristics for anyone who wanted to learn them. This is the essence of the ‘Esperanto Movement’.

G.More than half of the world’s 7,000 languages are expected to die out by the end of the century, often taking with them irreplaceable knowledge about the natural world. When a species dies out, sometimes fossils can be found, remains uncovered. But when a human language disappears, there’s rarely any key left behind. Each loss becomes a linguistic black hole, where an entire way of knowing the world disappears.

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Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Harvest
2. Etymology
3. Toxicity
4. Growing Indoors
5. Breeding
6. Cultivation
7. Culinary Uses
8. History

A.The avocado originated in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The native undomesticated variety is small, with dark black skin, and contains a large seed. The oldest evidence of avocado use was found in a cave located in Coxcatlean, Mexico, that dates to around 10,000 BC. The avocado tree also has a long period of cultivation in Central and South America. A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-Incan city of Chan Chan.

B.The word ‘avocado’ comes from the Spanish ‘aguacate’. Avocados were known by the Aztecs as ‘the fertility fruit’. In some countries of South America, such as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, the avocado is known by its Quechua name ‘palta’. The fruit is sometimes called an ‘avocado pear’ or ‘alligator pear’ due to its shape and the rough green skin. It is known as ‘Butter Fruit’ in parts of India.

C.The avocado tree does not tolerate freezing temperatures, and can be grown only in subtropical or tropical climates. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination. When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur, although the Hass cultivar can tolerate temperatures down to 1°C. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep. Yield is reduced when the irrigation water is highly saline. These soil and climate conditions are available only in a few areas of the world.

D.An average avocado tree produces about 500 avocados annually. Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare. The avocado is a climacteric fruit, which means it matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers until they reach their final destination.

E.Avocados are often grown from pits. This is done by removing the pit from a ripe, unrefrigerated avocado. The pit is then stabbed with three or four toothpicks, about one third of the way up. The pit is placed in a jar or vase with tepid water. In four to six weeks, it should split and out should come roots and a sprout. Once the stem has grown a few inches, it is placed in a pot with soil. It should be watered every few days. Avocados have been known to grow large, so owners must be ready to repot the plant several times.

F.The fruit is not sweet, but fatty, and distinctly yet subtly flavoured. It is used in both savoury and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The avocado is very popular in vegetarian cuisine as substitute for meats because of its high fat content. Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. In Ethiopia, avocados are made into juice by mixing them with sugar and milk or water. Avocados are also used to make salads.

G.Avocado leaves, bark, skin, or pit are documented to be harmful to animals. Cats, dogs, cattle, goats, rabbits, rats, birds, fish, and horses can be severely harmed or even killed when they consume them. Avocado leaves contain a fatty acid derivative, persin, which in sufficient quantity can cause equine colic and, without veterinary treatment, death. Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this compound. Feeding avocados to any animal should be avoided completely. Negative effects in humans seem to be primarily in allergic individuals.