Банк заданий
ЕГЭ по английскому языку

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. How did they do it?
2. Comfortable living
3. Designing a building
4. The longest on Earth
5. Building materials
6. Invented by accident
7. Safe travel
8. Why seasons change

A.Most of Africa’s rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they use hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair.

B.An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example, some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others – to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials.

C.Did you know that an eleven-year-old child first created the Popsicle? The boy’s name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle.

D.As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter.

E.In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air.

F.Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-four-hour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This “day”, or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark, and Antarctica has its “night”, or winter.

G.Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the “Titanic”, a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship’s side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the “Titanic”, several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Going up and coming down
2. A new epoch in construction
3. From protection into fun
4. The choice of the material matters
5. A royal fortress
6. Various activities to do
7. Similar but different
8. Higher and stronger

A.Castles and palaces may seem alike. However, there are some distinctions between them. A castle is a strong and fortified building made of stone. It has tall walls and sometimes even a surrounding water-filled ditch, called a moat. Castles were built to protect people from enemies and attacks. On the other hand, a palace is a luxurious residence designed primarily for comfort and elegance. Palaces were not built for defense like castles, so they usually didn’t have thick walls, towers, or other fortification features.

B.During the early days, castles were constructed using wood. Recognizing this weakness, lords and castle builders began using stone as the main material for constructing castles. Stone castles provided greater protection and durability against attacks. In terms of attacking these stone castles, the primary weapons used were battering rams and catapults. Battering rams were large, heavy objects used to forcefully strike castle gates, while catapults were siege engines designed to launch projectiles, such as rocks or flaming objects.

C.During the medieval period, specifically between the 11th and 13th centuries, castles were commonly constructed on elevated, man-made hills known as mottes. The primary purpose of building castles on mottes was to enhance their defensive capabilities. Mottes were typically large, artificial hills that provided strategic advantages. By elevating the castle above the surrounding area, defenders had a better point to observe and protect the surrounding lands. The height of the mottes allowed soldiers to have a broader range to defend against potential attackers.

D.In the past, castles used moats as a defense. Moats were ditches dug around the castle to guard it from enemies. They were often filled with water to make it difficult for attackers to tunnel into the castle. However, in some castles, people came up with more unique ideas. For example, at Český Krumlov Castle in the Czech Republic, the moat has been filled with bears since 1707. Nowadays, the bears have someone to take care of them, and they even have birthday parties and festivals organized for them.

E.One interesting detail about castles is their spiral stairwells. These staircases are designed to spiral in a specific direction, usually clockwise. The reason for this clever design was to put invaders at a disadvantage during a battle. Most people, including swordsmen, were right-handed and held their swords in their right hand. When invaders climbed the spiral stairs, they were not be able to use their dominant sword arm effectively, because the narrow space of the staircase restricted their movement during battles.

F.The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a significant event in British history. It marked the invasion and successful takeover of England by William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy. After the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror and his successors built numerous castles throughout England. These castles served as strategic fortifications and symbols of their power and control over the newly-conquered lands. They were used as defensive structures, residences for the nobility, and centres of administration.

G.Today Great Britain has a rich tradition of castle sites, which show the best examples of the legacy of medieval times. Windsor Castle, the home of the Kings and Queens’ families of the English Commonwealth, is both the oldest and largest continuously-inhabited castle in the world. It was built in the 11th century, after the Norman Invasion, and has been used by reigning monarchs since the reign of Henry I. The castle also houses the famous St. George’s Chapel, which is designed in Gothic style, and houses the Order of the Garter.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Glimpses of history
2. Potentially dangerous
3. What does salt look like?
4. A popular myth
5. An unusual place to stay
6. A necessary substance
7. Expensive and unhealthy
8. Figuratively speaking

A.Salts can appear to be clear and transparent, opaque, and even metallic and lustrous. In many cases these differences are only related to the difference in the size of a crystal. Since light reflects from the phase boundaries, larger crystals tend to be transparent, while poly-crystalline aggregates look like white powders. Of course, some salts are inherently opaque. Salts may be colourless but they also exist in the full range of different colours – yellow, orange, red, blue, green, white and black. That’s why many synthetic or organic dyes are basically salts.

B.Food industry would not have appeared without salt. Meat-packing, sausage-making, fish-processing and food-processing industries use salt as a preservative or seasoning or both. In the chemical industry salt is required in manufacturing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), chlorine and many other chemicals. Salt is also employed in soap, glaze, and porcelain enamel manufacturing and participates in metallurgical processes as a flux – a substance promoting fusing of metals.

C.Salt was so valuable in ancient Rome that soldiers were sometimes paid with it. In fact, the word ‘salary’ even comes from the Latin word for salt. Historically, salt’s value came from its ability to preserve food. Venice may be famous for its canals now, but it was the salt imports that fueled its rise as an influential trade power by the end of the 13th century. Salt also took on a great deal of symbolic value. This is the reason it is mentioned so many times in the Bible. Its preservative properties made it an apt metaphor for permanence and conviction.

D.There are many interesting idioms and expressions with the word ‘salt’ in the English language. For instance, if somebody is worth their salt, it means they are good at their job. If you take something with a grain of salt, it means that you understand that something is likely to be untrue or incorrect. Good and honest people are often called the salt of the earth. If you are trying to save some money, it means you’re salting the money away. If a person is in trouble but you make the situation worse for them, you rub salt in their wounds.

E.Most people think that salt has no other role in food rather than enhancing the taste and we can give up eating salt completely. However, nothing can be further from the truth. Salt plays a vital role in human health, and we all need to consume at least some salt every day. It facilitates the transport of nutrients and oxygen in our body, allows our nerves to transmit messages and helps our muscles work. The average adult’s body contains about 250 g of sodium – the equivalent of about three or four shakers of salt.

F.Most people know about the health risks associated with sodium, but reducing your intake of salt is easier said than done. According to health experts, an average person consumes around 10 g of salt per day, which is double the recommended amount. Since the taste for salt is acquired, reduced consumption should be practiced from an early age. Even if you don’t have hypertension, it’s still a good idea to cut down on your salt intake to reduce your blood pressure, according to numerous recent health reviews and studies.

G.Modern tourists often choose to go off the beaten track. Palacio de Sal is a resort hotel, which is located on the edge of the salt flats. It was built entirely of compressed salt blocks. Chairs, tables, beds and even a swimming pool are also made of local salt sources. It is located at the edge of the world’s largest salt flat in southwest Bolivia. The hotel has a dry sauna and a steam room, a saltwater pool and whirlpool baths. There is a rule in the hotel prohibiting licking the walls in order to prevent their degradation.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Pet-friendly booking
2. Funny names
3. Different tactics
4. Seeing wild animals
5. Almost at the shore
6. Seaside observation point
7. Quiet places to explore
8. Various activities to do

A.The English have a very ironic sense of humour, and it may become clear when you discover what some of the towns and villages across England and the United Kingdom are called. Some are hilarious, while others are just plain rude. It is important to keep an eye out when you pass through the English countryside to see if you can spot a few on your travels. There’s Sheepy Parva and Sheepy Magna in Lancashire, Greedy Gut in Somerset, No Place in Derbyshire. There is always something to keep people entertained during their trip!

B.England is part of the British Isles and a large archipelago off the coast of Europe. It is not a very big country. In fact, you could fit all the United Kingdom, that is, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, inside Texas, the USA, over 2.8 times. So, it shouldn’t come as too much surprise to know that you are never far from the sea when you are in England. In fact, even if you are standing in the very center of the country, you are still no more than 70 miles away from the coast. What a shame that the English weather doesn’t often encourage a beach day!

C.Badgers are not always a farmer’s best friends, but Badger Watch farm in deepest rural Dorset has decided to exploit rather than fight Britain’s cutest large mammals. Extremely difficult to spot, a badger seen in the wild is an unforgettable experience. Two specially designed hides at Badger Watch Dorset offer one of the best chances of finding one. Each hide can be booked privately for up to eight people, from 6.30 pm until the lights are shut off at midnight. Alongside badgers, the hides offer a good chance of seeing foxes, deer, and rabbits.

D.Holidays are the best opportunity to explore the UK and overseas territories, spending quality time with family or friends including a four-legged one. In fact, holidays are the best excuse to go on some nice dog adventure and give your dog the best time. To plan your perfect holiday, it’s a matter of finding a place suitable for dogs. The good news is that there is more choice than you may think. We found that almost all holiday accommodation and hotels have a filter which you can use to navigate your options, although some are better presented than others.

E.The Hebrides are a beautiful archipelago, where Scottish Gaelic is still spoken. Each day will be a combination of relaxation and adventure. On a full day’s excursion, we may spend four or five hours in the kayaks and cover between seven and ten miles, with plenty of opportunities to land and explore islands on foot. One of the best ways to explore its coastline and spot some of the many bird species, otters and seals is by kayak. We can offer full-day guided trips, taking in hidden coves, long sandy beaches, and hidden ancient sites.

F.You never forget your first whale. Such sightings are, of course, down to good fortune and timing, but once you’ve seen your first whale, you will want to see another and another. Famous for its whaling fleet, the Yorkshire coast is one of the best places in England to spot Minke whales, which appear in late summer, following the mackerel. From the coastline of the Outer Hebrides, you can spot up to 23 species of whales, more than a quarter of the world’s 89 known species, which pass through the waters off the west coast of Scotland.

G.In summer the possibility of finding a calm area away from the crowds of holiday-goers can be a difficult task. Known as the Heritage Coast, the Northumberland coast area of outstanding natural beauty is surprisingly crowd-free, even in high summer. If you’re willing to relax, you’ll find a number of excellent bathing beaches here. Heritage hunters and nature watchers are spoiled with fantastically arresting castles. Most striking is the mighty fortress at Bamburgh. Many architectural historians have declared this the most wondrous of all England’s coastal castles.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Named after a politician
2. Too lengthy to stay
3. In hope for a good future
4. Named after a tsar
5. Modern pronunciation
6. Named after the river
7. Named after a wrong person
8. Bringing back the first name

A. One local legend claims that the city of Orlando is named after the character in Shakespeare’s “As You Like It”, but the more commonly accepted version is that a man named Orlando Reeves owned a plantation and a sugar mill a bit north of what later became the city. Early settlers found where Reeves had carved his name in a tree and thought that it was a grave marker to a soldier, a hero who died in the Seminole War and mistakenly named their settlement after him.

B. When Arizona city began expanding in the late 1860s, settlers realized that their little town needed a name. The founder of the city Jack Swilling, a Confederate veteran, wanted to name the town Stonewall in honour of Stonewall Jackson, but Darrell Duppa found out that their site had been a Native American settlement centuries earlier. He offered the name Phoenix. He believed that their new city would rise from the ruins of the former civilization like the legendary bird.

C. In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip discovered a supply of fresh water for his thirsty armada in a cave near Port Jackson, today’s Sydney Harbor. Later he started a settlement there. The place needed a name. Though originally he had planned to name his new freshwater-filled settlement Albion – a poetic name for England – instead he decided to call the bay Sydney Cove after the Secretary of State, Lord Sydney. The fact that the guy had never even set foot in Australia didn’t stop him.

D. The Russian capital sits on the Moscva River, which is obviously where the city’s name comes from. However, there are a couple of theories as to where the name Moscva comes from. The first states that it is a derivative of a Finno-Ugric name meaning river of either cows, or bears, or darkness. Nobody is really sure which of the three exactly, but all of them seem quite possible. The other, more popular theory, says that the name comes from a Slavic word meaning dank, swampy river.

E. It’s widely known that the City of Angels got its name from Spanish settlers. The beauty of the place impressed them so much that they considered it heaven on Earth. The original name, however, was a lot longer: El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de Porcincula, or “The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of the Little Portion”. They realized there would be a lot of letters to fit on a hat they wore, so they just shortened it to Los Angeles.

F. Have you ever wondered why in a restaurant we never order Beijing duck, but instead call it Peking like our grandmas did? Well, since Chinese characters don’t much lend themselves to transliteration, English interpretations of how the name is pronounced have changed over the years. The name was given to the city during the Ming Dynasty by Zhu Di, who moved his capital there. “Beijing” is about as close as we can get now to saying it like the Chinese.

G. St. Petersburg was founded on May 16, 1703, when the foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress was laid. Since its foundation, the city’s name has changed several times. Originally, it was named after the Apostle Peter as tsar Peter, the Apostle’s namesake, relied on this saint’s patronage. For a decade in the 1900’s it was called Petrograd. This was from 1914–1924. After Lenin died, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. St. Petersburg resumed its original name in 1992.