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Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Danger for space missions
2. Costly problem of space junk
3. How it all started
4. Do-It-Yourself device
5. Entertaining worker
6. Rapid transportation
7. Looking for easier ways
8. Tiny but informative

A.Launched in December 1961, OSCAR 1 was the world’s first non-governmental satellite. It was built for only 63 dollars by a group of amateur radio operators and operated for nearly 20 days, testing radio reception from space. OSCAR 1 marked the beginning of a program that continues to this day. The program has led to innovations in spacecraft design and enabled radio enthusiasts to participate in satellite communications.

B.Having a small satellite launched into orbit might sound strange, but over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that seems ideal for space operations: CubeSats. The most common CubeSat is a 10 cm cube. Within their compact bodies these miniature satellites are able to place sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study the Earth from space, as well as space around the Earth.

C.A CubeSat is a small satellite that weighs just 1 kilogram. The design of these satellites has been so simplified that almost anyone can build them. More than that, the instructions are available for free online. They are quite easy to understand. After you build one, you can also test and launch it. CubeSats can be combined to make larger satellites if you need to carry heavier weights. Is it expensive to build one? Typically less than $5,000.

D.Australian scientists have successfully tested a new kind of jet aircraft that can move seven times faster than the speed of sound. It can bring hypersonic or ultra-fast travel a step closer to reality. Hypersonic jet engine that could be used to fly people from Sydney to London in just two hours is planned to make its first flight in 2018, according to the Australian scientists and engineers working on the project.

E.A robot-cook, which is created by the programmers of the company-resident of the business incubator of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, will be able to replace workers of fast food restaurants in making hot dogs, candy floss and other foods. The authors of the idea believe that the robot will be popular with restaurant-keepers, especially as a marketing tool to attract customers.

F.Since the birth of space flight in 1957, the number of man-made objects orbiting the Earth has grown every year. There are now more than 15,000 such objects larger than 10cm, at least those that we know of. Even very small particles can pose a risk to spacecraft, because of the high relative speeds at which they travel. Space trash can affect not only critical equipment such as communications satellites, but it can also be problematic for space flights.

G.National space agencies and private satellite and communications companies have an interest in reducing the amount of space trash or so-called debris in orbit. If one organisation removes debris, it will help everyone in space. But because doing so will be complex and very expensive, the best option for anyone of these players is to wait for somebody else to have a go first. That would give them a cleaner space without paying for clearing it up.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Gender disproportion
2. A woodland country
3. An extreme climate
4. One expression, different attitudes
5. A good purchase
6. A popular holiday
7. The biggest of all
8. Moving in a circle

A.The scale of Russia is difficult to imagine. That is excellent for travelers because that means there is plenty to explore. The total landmass of Russia is 6,601,665 square miles. That is equal to 11% of the world’s total landmass! Based on the total landmass, Russia is the largest country in the world – nearly twice as big as Canada. It is the world’s second-largest nation as it covers all northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe. It shares land borders with more than a dozen countries, and shares sea borders with Japan and the United States.

B.There is a big difference between the male and female population in Russia. While females in Russia make up 54% of the population, males only make up 46%. Why is there such a big difference in the population? The population gap began during World War II when 25 million Russian soldiers died during
the war. Moreover, men have a much shorter lifespan than women do. Many Russians live in rural communities where the way of life is harsh and Russian men often fall victim to hunting accidents, or health care issues.

C.One of the best Russian facts is that Russians learn not to smile while growing up. While smiling in many cultures is a sign of happiness and friendliness, Russians don’t view it that way. To Russians, smiling is a sign of weakness and not showing one’s true feelings. Russians do smile at people they know well and care about, but not at strangers as many other cultures do. If you smile
at a Russian on the street, don’t expect them to smile back. However, we found that many Russians smiled and waved back when we were in Russia.

D.Folk dancing is an important part of Russian history and Russian culture. Russians perform folk dances at festivals, markets, and in the theater. Khorovod is one of the most common types of Russian folk dancing. This style of dance consists of people dancing together and holding hands. Khorovod is performed in the following way: women stand in a round and move from east to west, as the Sun goes across the sky. Foreign visitors have noticed that Khorovod reflects some traits of Russian character, such as enthusiasm, creativity, and joy of living.

E.Russia has a lot of trees. If you are someone that loves nature, this is a fact you will enjoy. Around 20% of all the trees in the entire world are in Russia. That ends up being around 640 billion trees. About 45% of the country is covered by trees, much of it in Russia’s boreal forest, or taiga, located in remote areas of Siberia. They are part of wild, untouched forests that are too cold to travel to. These thick forest regions were once completely under glaciers and are now home to a whole load of brave species, including the Siberian tiger, wild boars, eagles, and owls.

F.Because Russia has harsh winter conditions, it is probably no surprise that Russia is home to the coldest village in the world. While winters there average -58 degrees Fahrenheit, the coldest recorded temperature in Oymyakon is -96 degrees Fahrenheit. Living in these harsh temperatures comes with its fair share of disadvantages. For example, if someone tries to wear glasses outside, the glasses will freeze on their face. Also, cars have to stay in heated garages, or the engines will not start. If you decide to visit Oymyakon, be sure to pack for winter.

G.In 1897, Russia sold Alaska to the United States for only 7.2 million dollars. With inflation, that is around 120 million dollars today. At the time, critics thought that Secretary of State William H. Seward who agreed to buy Alaska was crazy. But Seward had wanted to do it for a long time. Alaska is so large that the addition of this land increased the size of the U.S. by nearly 20 percent. Major discoveries of gold were made there in the 1880s and 1890s. These discoveries brought attention and people to Alaska.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Perm’s industry
2. Beneficial location
3. City’s cultural life
4. Too important to be left alone
5. Traditionally liberal
6. The greatest achievement
7. Natural resource as attraction
8. Where the name comes from

A.The word “Perm” first appeared in the 12th century in the Primary Chronicle, the main source describing the early history of the Russian people. The Perm were listed among the people who paid tribute to the Rus. The origin of the word “Perm” remains unclear. Most likely, the word came from the Finno-Ugric languages and meant “far land” or “flat, forested place”. But some local residents say it may have come from Per, a hero and the main character of many local legends.

B.Novgorodian traders were the first to show an interest in Perm. Starting from the 15th century, the Muscovite princes included the area in their plans to create a unified Russian state. During this time the first Russian villages appeared in the northern part of the region. The first industry to appear in the area was a salt factory, which developed on the Usolka river in the city of Solikamsk. Rich salt reserves generated great interest on the part of Russia’s wealthiest merchants, some of whom bought land there.

C.The history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Perm became the capital of the region in 1781 when the territorial structure of the country was reformed. A special commission determined that the best place would be at the crossroads of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which runs east-west and the Kazan line, which runs north-south. This choice resulted in Perm becoming a major trade and industrial centre. The city quickly grew to become one of the biggest in the region.

D.Perm is generally stable and peaceful, so the shocks of 1917 did not reach it right away. Neither did they have the same bloody results as in Petrograd. Perm tried to distance itself from the excesses and did not share the enthusiasm for change of its neighbours. Residents supported more moderate parties. They voted for the establishment of a west European style democracy in Russia. Unfortunately, the city could not stay completely unaffected, as both the White and the Red armies wanted its factories.

E.Perm’s desire for stability and self-control made the region seem like a “swamp” during the democratic reforms of the 1990s. Unlike other regions, there were no intense social conflicts or strikes. Nevertheless, Perm was always among the regions that supported the democratic movement. In the 1999 elections, the party that wanted to continue the reforms won a majority in the region. So the city got an unofficial status of “the capital of civil society” or even “the capital of Russian liberalism”.

F.During the Second World War many factories were moved to Perm Oblast and continued to work there after it ended. Chemicals, non-ferrous metallurgy, and oil refining were the key industries after the war. Other factories produced aircraft engines, equipment for telephones, ships, bicycles, and cable. Perm press produces about 70 percent of Russia’s currency and stamped envelopes. Nowadays several major business companies are located in Perm. The biggest players of Russian aircraft industry are among them.

G.Perm has at least a dozen theatres featuring productions that are attracting audiences from faraway cities, and even from abroad. The broad esplanade running from the city’s main square has become the site of almost continuous international art, theatre and music fairs during the summer. Even the former prison camp with grim walls outside town was converted into a theater last July for a production of “Fidelio”, Beethoven’s opera about political repression. The performance was well-reviewed.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Time to spend with your family
2. Types of holidays
3. Different ways of celebrating
4. The origin of the holiday
5. The origin of the words
6. A well-known holiday
7. The importance of traditions
8. A merry farewell to cold weather

A.Easter is the most important day of the year for Christians. In America, Easter means church services, Easter egg hunts, and baskets full of candy. French children don’t get treats from the Easter bunny; they get them from the Easter bells. Easter in Portugal is celebrated with sweet bread called Floor da Pascoa. The bread is usually served at breakfast on Easter morning. The island of Corfu gets pretty messy on the morning of Holy Saturday. Those who live there take part in the annual “Pot Throwing”.

B.Maslenitsa, or Pancake Week, is one of the most cheerful holidays in Russia. It’s a gathering of Russian people to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring. Pancakes are eaten all week during the festival to symbolise the sun in shape and colour. People eat pancakes with a variety of jams, butter and even caviar. According to the tradition, Sunday is the day to convince sins, say sorry, forgive and start anew. One of the most fun and anticipated parts on this day is the burning of Lady Maslenitsa.

C.Traditions represent a crucial piece of our culture. They help form the structure and foundation of our families and our society. They remind us that we are part of a history that defines our past, shapes who we are today and who we are likely to become. They serve as a venue for creating lasting memories for our families and friends. Once we ignore the meaning of our traditions, we’re in danger of damaging the underpinning of our identity. It is a pity but some people can’t even remember the true meaning of the holidays.

D.There are a lot of different holidays around the world. Christmas is a national holiday worldwide and one of the most beautiful and inspiring events in the world. It marks the birth of Jesus Christ as he was considered to be a present from God to humanity. Decorated Christmas trees and children waiting for Santa to bring gifts in winter make it a perfect sight for everyone. It is generally celebrated on December 25 by billions of people around the world. It is one of the most festive times of the year.

E.People all over the world celebrate special days known as festivals or holidays. Some of these days are connected to specific dates, but others are not. The word “holiday” originally meant “holy day”. Many holidays are still religious, but others are not. The word “festival” comes from the word “feast”. The earliest festivals seem to have been connected with offerings to the dead. Food plays a major role in many of today’s festivals and holidays. The Thanksgiving turkey is an example of a traditional food linked to a holiday.

F.The Pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony landed in America on their ship in December 1620. Only half of them survived that first winter. The next year, the harvest in the fall was good. To celebrate their harvest, the colonists and their guests enjoyed a three-day feast. In December 1941 Congress named the fourth Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. Many people use this holiday as a day to reflect on the positive things in life and spend time with the people they love. Nearly everyone gets one or two days off school or work.

G.A holiday is a day for celebration when a lot of people are allowed to have days off work or school. Most countries have a designated national day. This holiday usually celebrates something notable in the creation of that country, such as its independence or signing of the constitution. There is no uniform definition of a public holiday around the world. It can occur on the same date every year. In some countries, the date varies from year to year. Bank holidays can mean two different things depending on which country you are in.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Not only at dinner
2. Local rules in temples
3. Conversation topics
4. Watch your tongue
5. Foreigners banned
6. Mind what you wear
7. Chance to learn
8. A different body culture

A.Religion is taken very seriously in India. It is important to show due respect to religious buildings, images, and people at prayer. When entering a temple or mosque, remove your shoes and leave them at the door. Socks are acceptable, and protect your feet from burning-hot stone ground. Some temples do not allow you to enter wearing or carrying leather articles. In the southern state of Kerala, most Hindu temples are closed to non-Hindus, but those that aren’t require men to remove their shoes and shirts before entering.

B.The biggest minefield of potential failure has to do with eating. This is usually done with the fingers, and requires practice to get it absolutely right. Rule one is: eat with your right hand only. While you can hold a cup or utensil in your left hand, you should not eat, pass food or wipe your mouth with your left hand. This rule extends beyond food. In general, do not pass anything to anyone with your left hand, or point at anyone with it either. You should accept things given to you with your right hand – though using both hands is a sign of respect.

C.Indian people are very conservative about dress. Women are expected to dress modestly, with legs and shoulders covered. Trousers are acceptable, but shorts and short skirts are offensive to many. Men should always wear a shirt in public, and avoid shorts away from beach areas. These rules are particularly important in temples and mosques. Men are similarly expected to dress appropriately with their legs and head covered. Caps are usually available on loan, often free, for visitors, and sometimes cloth is available to cover up your arms and legs.

D.Kissing and embracing are not accepted in public. In more conservative areas, it is still rare for couples to hold hands, though Indian men can sometimes be seen holding hands as a sign of “brotherliness.” Be aware of your feet. When entering a private home, you should normally remove your shoes. When sitting, avoid pointing the soles of your feet at anyone. Accidental contact with one’s foot is always followed by an apology. Knowing and following these rules vastly improves the impression you make on local people.

E.As a traveller, you will constantly come across people who want to strike up a conversation. English not being the first language in India, they may not be familiar with the conventional ways of doing this. Indian English can be very formal, and even ceremonious. Indian people may well call you “sir” or “madam,” even “good lady” or “kind sir.” At the same time, you should be aware that your English may seem rude to them. In particular, swearing is taken rather seriously, and casual use of offensive words is likely to shock.

F.You may find it odd, or even intrusive, that complete strangers would want to know some personal stuff, but these subjects are considered polite conversation between strangers in India. They help people place one another in terms of social position. Your family, children, job, even income, are not considered “personal” subjects, and it is completely normal to ask people about them. Asking the same questions back will not be taken amiss – far from it. Being curious does not have the “nosey” stigma in India that it has in the West.

G.If you are not religious, travel alone, or stay in cheap hotels when, as a tourist, you are relatively rich, people in India will find it strange. You will probably end up having to explain the same things many times to many different people. It is more likely to happen if they are older or more traditional. On the other hand, you can ask questions too, so you could take it as an opportunity to understand more about India. English-speaking Indians and members of the middle class are usually extremely well-informed and well-educated.