Банк заданий
ЕГЭ по английскому языку

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Strange but true
2. Figuratively speaking
3. Iron and gold
4. A visitor from the space
5. Useful in many ways
6. Key facts
7. From the history of iron
8. Famous on screen

A.Iron is a chemical element. Its symbol is Fe and its atomic number is 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is by mass the most common element on our planet, forming much of the Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Pure iron is rare on the Earth’s crust, basically being limited to meteorites. However, there are a lot of iron ores, but you need temperatures of 1500 °C or higher to get them.

B.Iron has been known to the mankind since ancient times. The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites. Most objects that fall to earth from space are stony, but a small proportion are ‘iron meteorites’ with iron contents of over 90%. Iron corrodes easily, so iron artifacts from ancient times are much rarer than objects made of silver or gold. Artifacts made from meteorite iron have been found dating back to about 5000 BC and so are about 7000 years old.

C.It might be interesting to know that Earth has enough iron to make three new planets, each with the same mass as Mars. Iron is ferromagnetic. Ferromagnetism is the strongest type of magnetism. Moreover, iron was the first magnetic metal discovered. It is even more interesting that some animals have a sixth sense – the magnetic sense. Among them are honey bees, homing pigeons and dolphins. The Earth’s magnetic field helps them to navigate and return home successfully.

D.Iron is the cheapest and most important of all metals, important in the sense that iron is overwhelmingly the most commonly used metal, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production. Iron is used to manufacture steel and other alloys important in construction and manufacturing. Iron is also vital in the functioning of living organisms, transporting oxygen in blood via the hemoglobin molecule. Iron is essential for human brain development.

E.In ancient times, people did not know how very abundant iron was on Earth. Their only source of metallic iron was meteorites. From Assyrian writings we have learnt that iron was eight times more valuable than gold. In addition to its rarity, iron may also have been very desirable because of it coming from the sky. It was thought to be a gift from the gods: the ancient Egyptians called it ‘the metal of heaven’. The connection with heaven is proved by the Pyramid Texts.

F.Iron Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and then films. The character made his first appearance in March 1963. In the story, a wealthy American business magnate and a talented scientist Tony Stark suffers a chest injury. He creates a powered suit of iron armour to save his life. Later, Stark develops this suit, adding weapons and other technological devices. Both kids and adults love the story of Iron Man.

G.There are many expressions with the word ‘iron’ in the English language. The British sometimes use the expression ‘the iron horse’ to speak about a train or a locomotive. When a native English speaker says that they ‘have many irons in the fire’, it means that they have several things to do. The proverb ‘Strike while the iron is hot’ means that you should take advantage of the time and the situation as quickly as possible. It is quite interesting to learn such phrases.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Living above
2. Glimpses of history
3. No meat, please!
4. Figuratively speaking
5. Belonging to one group
6. Highly social
7. Similar to people
8. Almost extinct

A. Great apes are members of the family Hominidae, which includes humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans. There is one species of humans (Homo sapiens), two species of chimpanzees (common chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee, also known as the bonobo), two species of gorillas (western gorilla and eastern gorilla), and three species of orangutans (Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan, and Tapanuli orangutan). However, throughout the last few million years, there have been dozens of other great apes, some of which were arguably as intelligent as modern humans.
B. Great apes are large, tailless primates, distinguished from lesser apes (gibbons) by a larger size and generally less monkey-like anatomical features. Still, within this group there is considerable variation. These apes evolved from African lesser apes about 18 million years ago. Orangutans originated from the rest of the apes about 14 million years ago, and gorillas separated from them about 7 million years ago. Until recently, it was thought that chimps and humans separated between 3 and 5 million years ago, but more fossil finds suggest it happened earlier, between 6 and 7 million years ago.
C. Great apes are all extremely intelligent. Each one is probably smarter than every other member of the animal kingdom. All the great apes can use tools.
Their hands allow them to use rocks or sticks for various purposes, including as weapons. Gorillas have been observed testing water depth with sticks.
Chimpanzees are known to drive insects out of their nests using sticks. The orangutan is intelligent enough to build leak-proof roofs over their nightly nests. Isn’t that amazing? They are just like us!
D. Great apes play a very important role in their ecosystems. Their presence also supports biodiversity by influencing the distribution and behaviour of other species within their habitat. Unfortunately, most great ape species are considered endangered or even critically endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and disease. According to the World Wildlife Fund, gorillas and orangutans are particularly at risk, with habitat destruction from logging, mining, and agriculture being the primary threats to their survival.
E. The orangutan, the largest creature in the world living in the trees, has probably never lived anywhere else but in the trees. Wildly mobile shoulder, knee and hip joints create a climbing machine that spends approximately 90% of its life high above ground. They eat, sleep, breed and give birth sometimes hundreds of feet above the ground. The thick forests of Borneo and Sumatra provide the perfect environment for this ape. Orangutans look graceless on the ground, but even the largest male orangutans move elegantly in the trees.
F. Gorillas eat different food, but their diet is mainly vegetarian. In the jungle, more than 85% of a gorilla’s diet is made up of leaves, shoots, stems and vines – and the rest is made up of roots, flowers and fruits. Insects, ants and termites make up less than 1% of a gorilla’s diet in the wild. The specific food of gorillas varies, depending on the presence (or absence) of certain plants in their immediate surrounding. Thus, gorillas are also almost exclusively vegetarian and devote their days to gathering fruit, leaves, roots and flowers.
G. Great apes are no exception when it comes to social interaction. They have complex social relationships that include communication through vocalizations, and body language such as grooming and hugging. Their societies are hierarchical, meaning there are dominant members who have priority access to food and other resources, while subordinate members must work harder to attain them. A new study has revealed that great apes tease one another, including hair pulling, poking, staring in faces, and other playful behaviours.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Make connections

2. Do not be lazy

3. Get ready for emergencies

4. Useful tactics

5. Get your bonus at once

6. The easier, the better

7. To the target and beyond

8. Progress bit by bit

A. Healthy habits are usually formed when, in trying to reach a goal, a person repeats a healthy behaviour in some context. Over time, the behaviour no longer depends on the goal. Therefore, to form healthy habits, the first step is to set goals. As you pursue set goals, your behaviour can become habitual. For example, meditation can become a habit, even when the initial reason for meditating is no longer present. Or suppose you play basketball daily to lose weight. You may find playing basketball has become part of your routine even after the weight loss.
B. Repetition is essential to habit formation. It improves skills and reduces effort. Use reminders such as alarms or post-it notes. However, keep in mind that their effectiveness decreases over time. Rewards strengthen patterns of behaviour and make habit formation easier. Rewarding a way of behaviour only sometimes is more effective than rewarding it all the time. Anything you find rewarding, be it praise or an extra hour to play video games, may work. As reminders, rewards sometimes lose their power and need to be replaced.
C. To eat healthier, reduce the number of sugary and fatty snacks open on the table. Simply replace them with your favourite fruits. Similarly, to sleep better, make your bedroom more sleep-friendly than work-friendly. However, life can be unpredictable. In order to continue to practice a habit regularly, it is necessary to prepare and plan. For example, if you are trying to lose weight and eat healthy, think about what to do if you have no fruits or vegetables at home. Plan what you will do if a restaurant you are in has no healthy options available.
D. The best way to form a new habit is to tie it to an existing habit. Look for patterns in your day and think about how you can use existing habits to create new, positive ones. For many of us, our morning routine is our strongest routine, so that’s a great place to tack on a new habit. A morning cup of coffee, for example, can create a great opportunity to start a new one-minute meditation practice. Or, while or after you are brushing your teeth, you might choose to do squats, or stand on one foot to practice balancing.
E. British researchers studied how people form habits in the real world. The study showed that the amount of time it took for a task to become automatic ranged from 18 to 254 days. Habits take a long time to create, but they form faster when we do them more often. Start with something that is really easy to do. You are more likely to stick with an exercise habit if you do some small exercise every day, rather than trying to get to the gym three days a week. Once daily exercise becomes a habit, you can explore more intense forms of exercise.
F. Habit researchers know we are more likely to form new habits when we clear away the difficulties that stand in our way. In one study, researchers changed the timing of elevator doors so that people had to wait nearly half a minute for the doors to close. It was just enough of a delay that it convinced many people that taking the stairs was easier than waiting for the elevator. It shows how sensitive we are to small challenges in our environment. Interestingly, these people stuck with it even after the elevator went back to normal timing.
G. Rewards are an important part of habit formation. When we brush our teeth, the reward is immediate – a minty fresh mouth. But some rewards like weight loss or the physical changes from exercise take longer to show up. That’s why it helps to build in some immediate rewards to help you form a habit. Listening to audiobooks while running, for example, or watching a favourite cooking show on the treadmill can help make an exercise habit stronger. You can plan an exercise date so the reward is time with a friend.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Combining travel and fun

2. Echo of global processes

3. Not always as planned

4. Getting to the top

5. It can ruin your holiday

6. Variety of weather conditions

7. Watching wildlife

8. Avoiding crowds

A. While Nepal may be most famous for its high mountains, it actually spans from jungle-filled plains bordering India to the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. There’s a lot of climatic diversity. The best month to visit Nepal largely depends on what you want to do while you’re there, and whether you’ll be visiting either very high or very low-lying places. The climate plays a big part in the tourism seasons. In different seasons, you can see rhinos and other wild animals, go white-water rafting, or hike in the mountains.
B. Much of the above advice doesn’t really apply if you want to climb Mt Everest or another Himalayan peak. The climbing seasons are not always the same as the best trekking and sightseeing seasons. Spring (March to May) and early autumn (late September and October) are the best times for mountaineering, as temperatures and weather conditions are optimal for such activities. However, conditions vary year by year, and climbing expeditions are sometimes affected by unpredictable events in the mountains.
C. The festival season takes place during the peak tourism season. Festivals are usually held in October and in November. The dates are different because they follow a lunar calendar. One is mostly a family affair, and the capital essentially clears out for around a week during the festival. Many shops and businesses are closed. The festival of light is more accessible to travellers. You will see displays of lights outside homes and businesses all over the country. It is the best time to visit the capital of Nepal.
D. Much of Nepal sits at a lower altitude than many people think, and the short winter is typically mild there, including one in the capital. There may be some foggy mornings and cold nights, but when the sky is clear, winter days can be quite warm in the cities. The other major advantage of visiting the country in the winter is that it’s one of the cheapest times to visit Nepal, and there are few other tourists around. Lower-altitude trekking trails will be comfortable, as long as you have a good jacket for cold nights.
E. Nepal isn’t only about the mountains. National parks are full of wildlife, including lots of one-horned rhinoceros and a few Royal Bengal tigers. The best time to see wildlife is at the end of winter. In late January, local villagers are allowed to cut the high elephant grass that shoots up after the rainy season. Then the animals that were previously hiding in it become visible. You’re much more likely to see rhinos and other animals at this time of year. Later, the temperatures become very hot, and everyone including animals hide from the burning sun.
F. By late spring, the arrival of the monsoon is expected in Nepal. Temperatures become uncomfortably hot in many places, and the air quality is poor. The unpleasant conditions become more tolerable with the arrival of the monsoon in June. Then the locals welcome the rains, which are cooling and refreshing, but rather heavy. However, for travellers, the monsoon is the worst time to visit Nepal. Rain means cloudy skies, muddy and flooded streets, canceled or delayed flights, and the potential for landslides across roads.
G. For years, spring was considered to be a second high season in Nepal. However, in recent years, this common wisdom sounds less and less true. Winters are usually dry, and as temperatures heat up through the spring, wildfires spread. This has been happening for a long time. With climate change, wildfires have become worse over the last few years. The smoke from wildfires impacts air quality throughout the country, and it is already dangerous in the capital. It also negatively influences how well you can see in the mountains.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Choose what you like

2. Know what you aim for

3. Schedule movement

4. Seeing the bright side

5. Discipline comes first

6. Less but more useful

7. Go step-by-step

8. Care for body and mind

A. Setting healthy goals is one way to come up with a plan on how to kickstart your new healthy lifestyle. It gives you something to work for and helps keep you motivated to work hard. By setting goals for yourself, you give yourself something to focus on. Additionally, goals allow you to measure your progress and see how much you have achieved. When setting your goals, be realistic with yourself. Not reaching your goals within some period of time might be discouraging and cause you to give up altogether.

B. Focus on one goal at a time to avoid being under pressure and cope with all tasks. If you want to lose weight, make small goals on how to do it. Work out at least three times a week, and add more vegetables to your plate when you want seconds. Keep a journal or track it on your phone to make sure you achieve those small goals weekly. When those goals just become part of your weekly routine, add a new goal – such as only eating out twice a week, or adding a weight lifting class.

C. The ability to manage your feelings and deal with everyday stresses and difficulties can be challenging. Keeping up good mental health means occasionally putting your own needs first. We can’t take care of others if we don’t take care of our own emotional and physical state. If you are looking for a healthier lifestyle, start with your mental health and make sure you are finding time to relax and do things you enjoy, rewarding yourself for the things you achieve and spending time with good people who value you.

D. How you think about yourself can have a huge impact on how you feel mentally and physically. Negative thoughts can do a lot of harm to your self-confidence, and influence those around you as well. Try to practise positive thinking instead of having negative thoughts. One way to practise positive self-talk and make a healthy mental change is to be kind to your body. A positive body image is an acceptance of your body. Body positivity makes people confident and comfortable in their own skin.

E. Getting used to a new workout routine can be difficult, especially if you are new to exercise. However, exercising is one of the best activities to add to a healthy lifestyle. It definitely improves your mood as well as physical well-being significantly. Just like changing your lifestyle, you should come up with goals and a workout plan you can follow. Start small with something as simple as walking three times a week, and gradually add various exercises to your workout schedule.

F. Eating healthy to lose weight is all about finding nutritious foods you enjoy that you can include in your diet for the rest of your life. There are a lot of diet plans out there that might work for you, but eating healthy comes down to reducing your calories and including healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, seafood, beans and nuts in your meals. Try to cut the amount of processed foods in your diet and look for whole foods instead. This doesn’t mean cutting everything you enjoy – it’s about balance.

G. Exercising to lose weight, just like eating healthy to lose weight, really only comes down to finding something healthy you enjoy and will continue to do. Just like with eating healthy, you’ll want to start small and try new activities that will help you stay active. If you don’t enjoy running, don’t do it. Find something that you look forward to doing after a long or busy day. Maybe that’s a cycle class, a long walk with a friend, or a yoga class. The important thing is that you are moving and physically using your body.