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Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Пример ответа: 1231231

A. Michael is going to have exams soon.

B. Mrs. Lee is Michael’s favourite teacher.

C. Mrs. Lee is a teacher of Chemistry.

D. Michael knows exactly what he wants to do after school.

E. Michael isn’t interested in computers.

F. Mrs. Lee offers Michael a few useful tips.

G. Mrs. Lee isn’t going to attend the graduation ball.

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Пример ответа: 1231231

A. Ben worked hard during the academic year.

B. Ben and Sophie study at the same school.

C. Sophie wants to be a school teacher.

D. Sophie has already found a summer job.

E. Ben is thinking of a career in medicine.

F. Ben disapproves of Sophie’s summer plans.

G. Sophie hasn’t had a rest by the sea for some time.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. Shifting responsibilities

2. Fast way of travelling

3. Learning to survive

4. Safer and merrier

5. Changing conditions

6. Difficult incubation

7. Cold-climate companions

8. First important steps

A. Emperor penguins are well-known for their cliff-diving. Normally, young penguins jump only a couple of feet from floating sea ice into the water when they feed. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes juveniles find themselves in a tricky location for a water entry when they become very hungry. Such situations force them to jump from a great height no matter what. This is a true demonstration of the penguins’ fortitude. These fascinating birds have evolved over millions of years to survive on the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth.

B. Emperor penguins can grow up to 45 inches tall and weigh up to 88 pounds. Many of their most amazing traits can be only seen during nesting season, which runs through the most difficult time of year. Female emperor penguins lay a single pear-shaped egg early in the Antarctic winter when temperatures can fall to minus 50 degrees Fahrenheit and winds can reach hurricane force. Needing to refill their energy reserves, they quickly shuffle the eggs to their mates to take care while they move to the ocean to feed.

C. Male emperor penguins spend the next two months incubating the eggs balanced on top of their webbed feet and shielded from the cold by a flap of the penguin’s abdominal skin that forms a pocket, or so called “brood pouch”. The soon-to-be fathers will go nearly four months without food, losing roughly half their weight during breeding season. Eggs typically hatch by August, just as the females are returning to provide their young with a first meal. Then the chicks will be fed and warmed by their parents over the next five months.

D. Huddling etiquette is a survival skill all young emperor penguins must learn. The youngsters learn to huddle, but not always neatly. In fact, there is always a big mess about huddling. Instead of waiting for their turn to reach the warm centre, impatient chicks will often jump right in. A few nestle together, then others race up and slam into the pile. As the huddle grows, latecomers try pushing in right in the warm portion of the huddle. Huddled together, the little penguins begin to socialize with each other.

E. By mid-December, as the Antarctic summer approaches, the chicks have started to shed their fluffy down for waterproof plumage. After that, the chicks no longer require parental care – adults leave them in groups of chicks called crèches while they go out to fish. From then on, the juveniles have to fend for themselves. They quickly leave their colony in search of food. To do that, they have to take a literal leap of faith into the sea. It is a very important moment when they begin their life in the ocean, where they’ll spend an average of five years before returning to breed.

F. Emperor penguins settled in the unforgiving climate of Antarctica, hence they have a thicker layer of body fat, scalelike feathers, and clawlike feet especially suited to walking on the ice. However, penguins use more than their feet for movement. On land, where their waddling slows them down, emperor penguins often resort to tobogganing – sliding on their bellies while pushing with their flippers and feet. This transportation allows them to cover vast distances across the icy expanse as they travel to and from the sea.

G. Scientists do not believe that cliff-jumping by young penguins is directly caused by climate change. However, one expert suggests that rising temperatures might push more emperor penguins to breed on permanent ice shelves instead of sea ice. If this happens, young penguins would have to jump from taller heights when leaving the nest, which could increase risks. This case emphasises a harsh reality: under some climate scenarios, scientists predict, 80 percent of Antarctica’s emperor penguin colonies will disappear by the turn of the century.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. What is a desert?

2. Smart desert plants

3. The land of treasure

4. How do deserts form?

5. The desert statistics

6. The symbol of deserts

7. A unique white habitat

8. Deserts are dangerous

A. Although the typical idea of a desert is a vast sandy place with little water, a desert is more than that. It is actually classified as any area of land that has not received any rain for a minimum of 12 straight months or a very dry area that receives less than 10 inches of rain every year. The reason for dryness in a desert is also connected with high evaporation and transpiration rates. The ground loses much water through a high evaporation rate. Plants lose their water through a high transpiration rate.

B. The plants that grow in the desert include various forms of cacti, low-lying plants like yucca and agave, and trees like palms and Joshua trees. While classified differently, these plants share characteristics that help them survive in the rough desert climate. They have a reduction of leaves and alternate water storage options. Many of the plants use extremely long “tap” roots as a mode of adaptation, while others stay close to the surface so they have a better chance to absorb the water before it evaporates.

C. Cactus is one of the plants most associated with deserts. Recognizable by their protective spikes, some species grow flowers and edible fruits. The cactus has adapted exceptionally well to desert conditions. To conserve water, most cacti have a fine root structure in which the roots grow near the surface. Over time they have changed their shape so that their external surface is reduced in relation to their volume. In many types of cacti, the stems have become round or flat and are used instead of green leaves.

D. Deserts are the primary source of table salt, borates, potassium and sodium nitrates and gypsum. Soda, nitrates and boron are the most common minerals that appear only in deserts. Approximately half of the world’s stores of fossil fuels come from desert lands, including oil and natural gas, and about half of the world’s diamonds, copper, gold, iron ore and uranium ore come from the desert as well. Besides, deserts are important because they provide corridors for migration for a number of bird species.

E. Several causes can be attributed to deserts, including the Earth’s air circulation, the rain shadow effect, the distance from the ocean and the proximity of cold ocean currents. The air circulation pattern is one cause that can be explained by the fact that warm air holds more moisture than cold air. This results in the evaporation of water and the formation of deserts. The rain shadow effect occurs to land between two mountain ranges. The rain falls on the other side of the mountains, leaving the land in-between dry.

F. There are 33 major deserts in the world, or 71 when subdivided into smaller deserts. Of those 71, 12 are in Africa, one is Antarctica, three are in the Arctic basin, 26 are in Asia, including the Middle East, 10 are in Australia and New Zealand, 10 are in Europe, four are in North America, and five are in South America. Having less than 10 inches of rain annually, Antarctica is not only classified as a desert, but is the largest desert. The Sahara in Africa is the largest hot desert.

G. Cold deserts are deserts that experience low temperatures and long winters. They occur in the Arctic, the Antarctic and Greenland, as well as above the tree lines of mountain ranges. Cold deserts tend to have higher precipitation levels than hot deserts, and snowfall is common during winter. Average annual rainfall ranges from 6 to 10 inches. Vegetation is scattered due to poor soil quality, and plants tend to have needle-like leaves that reduce water loss. Native animals include rabbits, pocket mice and foxes.

Установите соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

Пример ответа: 1234567

1. From natural to technological

2. Present everywhere

3. Smart ideas changing the world

4. Making our lives less boring

5. Cheaper and stronger over time

6. Changing habits

7. Necessary at sea

8. Helping to get around

A. Humans are naturally curious and creative. This led our species to many scientific and technological discoveries. Since many years ago our earliest ancestors hit a rock to make the first sharp-edged tool, humans have continued to innovate. From the debut of the wheel to the launch of Mars rovers, several of these key findings stand out as especially revolutionary. Some inventions were made by chance. However, most of them were the work of innovative thinkers who had put many years into their discoveries.

B. Finding your way in the world was much harder in the past. People used tools like compasses, maps and stars to explore and settle in most parts of our planet. However, these old methods didn’t work well for exact navigation, especially for airplanes or when walking in unfamiliar places. The invention of GPS fixed this problem. GPS is a system of satellites that send signals to Earth. Anyone with a GPS device can use these signals to know exactly where they are. GPS is very important for safety.

C. Before the invention of the wheel, humans were limited in how much stuff we could transport over land, and how far. The wheel itself was not the most difficult part of “inventing the wheel.” When time came to connect a platform to the wheel, things got tricky. For instance, the holes at the centre of the wheels had to be nearly perfectly round and smooth. The hard work paid off. Wheeled carts helped agriculture and transportation of goods. Now, wheels are found in everything from clocks to vehicles or turbines.

D. Ancient mariners used the stars for navigation, but this method didn’t work during the day or on cloudy nights, making it dangerous to travel far from land. The first compass was invented in China. It was used for navigation for the first time between the 11th and 12th centuries. Soon after, the technology was brought to the West. The compass helped mariners to navigate safely far from land. It opened up the world for exploration and the development of global trade. This instrument is still widely used today.

E. The invention of the light bulb transformed our world. It made us less dependent on natural light. It allowed us to be productive at any time, day or night. Thomas Edison is credited as the primary inventor of the technology because he made a lighting system in 1879. This invention introduced electricity to homes of the Western world. It also had a rather unexpected result of modifying people’s sleep patterns. Instead of going to bed at nightfall and sleeping in segments throughout the night, we now sleep all in one go.

F. People first made nails over 2,000 years ago in Ancient Rome. This became possible when humans learned how to work with metal. Before this, builders had to fit wooden pieces together in special ways, which was much harder and took more time. Until about 200 years ago, workers made nails by hand. A blacksmith would heat an iron rod and hammer it into shape. Machines started making nails between 1790 and 1820, which made them more available. The way we make nails keeps improving. Now nails are made from steel and last longer.

G. People have been keeping food cold for thousands of years. In ancient times, they used ice or cold water, depending on where they lived. The first artificial cooling system appeared in 1748. In 1834, American engineer Jacob Perkins created a new cooling system using compressed gas. Then in 1876, German engineer Carl von Linde found a way to turn gas into liquid. The first home refrigerator was invented in 1913 by American engineer Fred Wolf. As more people wanted fresh food, refrigerators became common in houses.