Природа и окружающая среда в ЕГЭ — это тема, где экзаменаторы придирчиво считают повторы. Если использовать в эссе только слово pollution, то можно потерять баллы за лексику, даже если грамматика идеальна. Разбираемся, как заменить школьный набор слов на продвинутые синонимы, освоить устойчивые сочетания и уверенно чувствовать себя в любой части экзамена — от чтения до устного ответа.
Лексика для описания природы и природных явлений
Новую лексику удобнее группировать по смысловым категориям.
При описании ландшафтов базовые существительные нужно менять на точные термины.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| dense forest | густой лес | The dense forest was home to many rare species of birds and animals. |
| vast desert | обширная пустыня | Exploring the vast desert requires careful preparation and plenty of water. |
| deep ocean | глубокий океан | Scientists are constantly discovering new creatures in the deep ocean. |
| mountain range | горная цепь | The mountain range stretches for hundreds of kilometers across the continent. |
| tropical rainforest | тропический лес | Deforestation in the tropical rainforest is a major environmental issue today. |
| steep cliff | крутой обрыв | The hikers stopped at the edge of the steep cliff to enjoy the panoramic view. |
| snow-capped peak | заснеженная вершина | The snow-capped peak was clearly visible against the bright blue sky. |
| winding river | извилистая река | A winding river flows through the green valley, providing water for the local farms. |
| barren land | бесплодная земля | Due to the prolonged drought, the once fertile fields turned into barren land. |
| coastal area | прибрежная зона | Many tourist resorts are located in the coastal area, which harms the local ecosystem. |
| breathtaking scenery | захватывающий пейзаж | The breathtaking scenery of the national park attracts thousands of visitors every year. |
| rocky shore | каменистый берег | Seals often rest on the rocky shore during the low tide. |
Для описания климата важно знать специфические природные явления.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| drought | засуха | The prolonged drought destroyed most of the crops in the southern region. |
| flood | наводнение | A severe flood damaged many houses and roads near the river. |
| hurricane | ураган | The coastal town was completely evacuated before the hurricane hit. |
| blizzard | снежная буря | Schools were closed due to the sudden blizzard that blocked all the roads. |
| global warming | глобальное потепление | Scientists believe that global warming is causing ice caps to melt at an alarming rate. |
| climate change | изменение климата | Many researchers study the long-term effects of climate change on local ecosystems. |
| greenhouse effect | парниковый эффект | The greenhouse effect leads to a gradual increase in the temperature of the planet. |
| heavy rainfall | обильные осадки | The heavy rainfall caused dangerous landslides in the mountainous area. |
| severe frost | сильный мороз | The unexpected severe frost killed all the early spring flowers in the garden. |
| mild winter | мягкая зима | This region is particularly famous for its mild winter and pleasant springs. |
| scorching heat | палящий зной | Tourists are advised to avoid walking outside during the scorching heat of midday. |
| extreme weather | экстремальные погодные условия | Local authorities always warn residents about extreme weather events. |
| average temperature | средняя температура | The average temperature in July is usually around twenty-five degrees. |
| humid climate | влажный климат | It can be quite difficult to get used to the humid climate of the tropics. |
| unpredictable weather | непредсказуемая погода | The unpredictable weather in the mountains makes hiking quite dangerous for beginners. |
Если тебе нужно рассказать о животных, растениях или окружающей среде, общих слов вроде animal или plant будет недостаточно. Ниже — подборка слов и выражений, которые помогут говорить о флоре, фауне и экологии более естественно и разнообразно.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| endangered species | вымирающие виды | The giant panda is one of the most famous endangered species in the world. |
| rare plant | редкое растение | Botanists discovered a rare plant that grows only in this remote mountain valley. |
| wildlife | дикая природа | The national park was created to protect wildlife from human interference. |
| predator | хищник | The lion is a powerful predator that hunts mainly at night. |
| marine creature | морское существо | A dolphin is an intelligent marine creature that lives in warm oceans. |
| biodiversity | биоразнообразие | Tropical rainforests are known for their incredible biodiversity. |
| habitat | среда обитания | Deforestation destroys the natural habitat of many wild animals. |
| ecosystem | экосистема | Coral reefs form one of the most complex ecosystems on the planet. |
| herbivore | травоядное животное | A giraffe is a typical herbivore that feeds on leaves and grass. |
| extinct species | вымерший вид | The dodo is an extinct species that disappeared in the seventeenth century. |
| natural habitat | естественная среда обитания | Zoos try to recreate the natural habitat of animals as closely as possible. |
| food chain | пищевая цепь | If one link in the food chain disappears, the whole ecosystem can suffer. |
| native species | местный вид | The grey squirrel is not a native species in the UK, but it has become very common there. |
| vegetation | растительность | The vegetation in the desert is very sparse due to the lack of water. |
| wildlife conservation | охрана дикой природы | Wildlife conservation requires international cooperation and strict laws. |
| omnivore | всеядное животное | A bear is an omnivore that eats both plants and small animals. |
Вопросы экологии регулярно попадаются в задании 38.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| climate change | изменение климата | Climate change is considered one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century. |
| carbon footprint | углеродный след | Many people try to reduce their carbon footprint by using public transport instead of cars. |
| renewable energy | возобновляемая энергия | Solar and wind power are the most popular types of renewable energy today. |
| natural habitat | естественная среда обитания | Industrial development often destroys the natural habitat of wild animals. |
| air pollution | загрязнение воздуха | Air pollution in big cities causes serious health problems for local residents. |
| deforestation | вырубка лесов | Deforestation in the Amazon affects the climate of the whole planet. |
| greenhouse gases | парниковые газы | Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. |
| ozone layer | озоновый слой | The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. |
| fossil fuels | ископаемое топливо | Burning fossil fuels is the main source of carbon dioxide emissions. |
| acid rain | кислотные дожди | Acid rain damages forests and makes lakes unsuitable for fish. |
| waste disposal | утилизация отходов | Proper waste disposal is essential for keeping cities clean and safe. |
| recycling | переработка отходов | Recycling plastic bottles helps to reduce the amount of waste in landfills. |
| landfill | свалка | The new landfill was built far from the residential area to avoid bad smells. |
| emission | выброс | Car emissions are one of the main causes of poor air quality in urban areas. |
| conservation | охрана природы | Nature conservation requires efforts from both governments and ordinary people. |
| sustainable development | устойчивое развитие | Sustainable development means meeting our needs without harming future generations. |
| environmental protection | охрана окружающей среды | Environmental protection has become a key issue in international politics. |
| ecological balance | экологический баланс | The disappearance of one species can disturb the whole ecological balance. |
| non-renewable resource | невозобновляемый ресурс | Oil and coal are non-renewable resources that will eventually run out. |
| alternative energy source | альтернативный источник энергии | Geothermal power is an alternative energy source used in some countries. |
Глаголы и устойчивые выражения
В таблице собраны примеры использования наиболее полезных глаголов и выражений.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| protect | защищать | Environmentalists work hard to protect rare animals from poachers. |
| preserve | сохранять | National parks help preserve unique landscapes for future generations. |
| conserve | беречь, сохранять | We must conserve water during the dry summer months. |
| destroy | разрушать | Illegal logging continues to destroy valuable forests. |
| damage | наносить ущерб | Oil spills damage marine ecosystems for many years. |
| harm | вредить | Plastic waste in the ocean harms sea turtles and fish. |
| threaten | угрожать | Habitat loss threatens the survival of many species. |
| survive | выживать | Some animals can survive in extremely cold conditions. |
| adapt | адаптироваться | Birds adapt to climate changes by altering their migration patterns. |
| migrate | мигрировать | Many bird species migrate south before winter begins. |
| breed | размножаться | Sea turtles return to the same beach to breed every year. |
| hibernate | впадать в спячку | Bears hibernate during the coldest months to save energy. |
| pollute | загрязнять | Factories pollute the air with harmful chemicals. |
| emit | выбрасывать | Cars emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. |
| absorb | поглощать | Forests absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. |
| reduce | сокращать | Governments try to reduce plastic waste in cities. |
| prevent | предотвращать | Strict laws help prevent illegal hunting. |
| tackle | решать проблему | Scientists are looking for ways to tackle climate change. |
| monitor | отслеживать | Researchers monitor the population of endangered species. |
| restore | восстанавливать | Volunteers help restore damaged ecosystems by planting trees. |
| raise awareness | повышать осведомлённость | Schools raise awareness about environmental issues through projects. |
| take measures | принимать меры | The government must take measures to reduce air pollution. |
| pose a threat | представлять угрозу | Deforestation poses a serious threat to biodiversity. |
| have an impact on | оказывать влияние на | Human activities have a huge impact on nature. |
| play a vital role | играть важную роль | Bees play a vital role in pollinating plants. |
| conduct research | проводить исследование | Biologists conduct research on animal behaviour in the wild. |
| collect data | собирать данные | Scientists collect data to track climate changes over time. |
| disturb the balance | нарушать баланс | Introducing new species can disturb the ecological balance. |
| save energy | экономить энергию | Turning off lights is a simple way to save energy at home. |
| prevent extinction | предотвращать вымирание | Conservation programmes aim to prevent extinction of rare animals. |
Фразовые глаголы
Задания 30–36 требуют понимания лексической сочетаемости и знания фразовых глаголов.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| throw away | выбрасывать | People throw away tons of plastic every day, which pollutes the oceans. |
| use up | истощать, расходовать | Modern industries use up natural resources much faster than they can recover. |
| run out of | исчерпать, остаться без чего-либо | If we continue wasting water, we will soon run out of clean drinking water. |
| break down | разлагаться | Plastic bags can take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. |
| wash away | смывать | Heavy rains washed away the top layer of soil from the farmers’ fields. |
| dry up | высыхать | Many small rivers in the region dry up completely during the hot summer months. |
| put out | тушить | Firefighters worked all night to put out the forest fire caused by lightning. |
| burn down | сгореть дотла | A large area of the national park burned down after the dry thunderstorm. |
| break out | разразиться, начаться | A dangerous wildfire broke out in the mountainous area last weekend. |
| clear up | проясняться | The sky finally cleared up after three days of continuous heavy rain. |
| pour down | лить (о дожде) | It was pouring down all morning, so the school trip to the forest was cancelled. |
| freeze over | покрываться льдом | During the severe winter, the surface of the lake freezes over completely. |
| do away with | покончить с, отменить | Many countries have decided to do away with single-use plastic bags in shops. |
| cut off | отрезать, лишать | The storm cut off the small village from the rest of the region for several days. |
| heat up | нагреваться | The Earth’s surface heats up much faster because of the greenhouse effect. |
| build up | накапливаться | Harmful chemicals build up in the soil and eventually poison underground water. |
| sweep away | сметать | The powerful flood swept away several wooden bridges in the valley. |
| die off | вымирать (постепенно) | Many fish began to die off after the factory released waste into the river. |
| wear away | разрушаться, стираться | Wind and rain slowly wear away the rocks, forming unusual natural shapes. |
| filter out | фильтровать, очищать | Special devices filter out harmful particles from the air in large factories. |
Идиомы
Идиомы — отличный способ разнообразить письменную и устную речь. Если использовать их уместно, они помогут продемонстрировать экзаменатору продвинутый уровень владения английским языком.
| Слово или фраза | Перевод | Пример использования в предложении |
| the tip of the iceberg | верхушка айсберга, лишь малая часть проблемы | Plastic pollution in the ocean is only the tip of the iceberg; the real damage is done to marine ecosystems. |
| down to earth | приземлённый, практичный, реалистичный | The scientist gave a down to earth explanation of how climate change affects our daily lives. |
| a bolt from the blue | как снег на голову, совершенно неожиданно | The sudden hurricane was a bolt from the blue for the residents of the coastal town. |
| turn over a new leaf | начать с чистого листа, измениться к лучшему | After the ecology lesson, the school decided to turn over a new leaf and start recycling all waste. |
| out of the woods | вне опасности | The endangered species is not out of the woods yet, as poaching continues in some regions. |
| the calm before the storm | затишье перед бурей | The peaceful weather this week may be the calm before the storm, as a cyclone is approaching. |
| weather the storm | пережить трудности, выстоять | Many small farms managed to weather the storm thanks to government support during the drought. |
| nip something in the bud | пресечь что-либо в зародыше | Governments must nip pollution in the bud before it causes irreversible damage to nature. |
| leave no stone unturned | испробовать все средства, не упускать ни одной возможности | Scientists leave no stone unturned in their search for ways to save coral reefs from bleaching. |
Примеры употребления лексики в ЕГЭ
Вся изученная лексика может пригодиться при выполнении экзаменационных заданий. Чем увереннее ты ей владеешь, тем проще будет строить развёрнутые и разнообразные ответы.
Пример 1. Лексика в связном тексте (задания 30–36)
В этом задании может потребоваться вставить правильный предлог или выбрать подходящий фразовый глагол.
The Amazon rainforest is one of the most important ecosystems on Earth. It is home to millions of species and plays a vital role in regulating the climate. However, deforestation and pollution pose a serious threat to this unique environment. Every year, huge areas of the tropical rainforest are cut down to make way for agriculture and industry. This has an impact on the whole planet because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Scientists conduct research to understand how climate change affects biodiversity. They collect data about endangered species and monitor the ecological balance. Some animals are in danger of dying out completely. For example, many rare plants and animals run out of their natural habitat when forests are destroyed.
Governments must take measures to protect wildlife and prevent extinction. People can also help by reducing their carbon footprint and supporting wildlife conservation. If we do not nip this problem in the bud, the damage will be irreversible. The loss of the Amazon would be the tip of the iceberg — much bigger environmental disasters could follow.
Пример 2. Подбор заголовков (задание 10)
В этом задании нужно прочитать короткие тексты и подобрать к каждому подходящий заголовок из списка. Один заголовок лишний.
Тексты:
A. The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, covering most of North Africa. This vast desert has scorching heat during the day and severe frost at night. Despite the harsh conditions, some animals and plants have adapted to survive here. The vegetation is very sparse, and water sources are rare. Scientists study how climate change is making the desert even larger.
B. Coral reefs are among the most complex ecosystems on the planet. They are found in the deep ocean near coastlines and are home to thousands of marine creatures. However, rising water temperatures and air pollution are damaging these fragile habitats. When corals lose their color, the whole food chain suffers. Environmentalists are working hard to restore these underwater ecosystems.
C. The Arctic is experiencing some of the most dramatic effects of global warming. The ice is melting at an alarming rate, and extreme weather events are becoming more common. Polar bears and other animals are losing their natural habitat as the ice breaks down faster each year. Researchers warn that if we don’t tackle this problem soon, many species will die out completely.
Заголовки:
- Life in the harshest desert conditions
- Underwater ecosystems under threat
- The melting ice of the polar regions
- Tropical rainforests and their biodiversity
Ответ: текст A — 1, текст B — 2, текст C — 3, лишний заголовок — 4.
Тренировочные задания
Теперь закрепи материал на практике. Выполни задания самостоятельно и постарайся использовать новые слова без подсказок.
Задание 1
Выбери правильный вариант ответа (формат заданий 30–36).
The firefighters worked all night to put ___ the forest fire caused by lightning.
- out
- off
- away
- down
Пояснение: фразовый глагол put out переводится как «тушить» (пожар). Остальные варианты не подходят по смыслу: put off — «откладывать», put away — «убирать», put down — «опускать».
Ответ: 1.
Задание 2
Образуй от слова CONSERVE подходящее по смыслу слово (формат заданий 25–29).
The ___ of rare animals requires international cooperation and strict laws.
Пояснение: после артикля the требуется существительное. От глагола conserve (беречь, сохранять) образуется существительное conservation (охрана, сохранение).
Ответ: conservation.
Задание 3
Выбери правильный вариант ответа (формат заданий 30–36).
If we continue wasting clean drinking water, we will soon run ___ of this vital resource.
- out
- away
- off
- up
Пояснение: фразовый глагол run out of переводится как «исчерпать, остаться без чего-либо». Именно это значение подходит по контексту предложения о нехватке чистой воды.
Ответ: 1.
Задание 4
Вставь правильное слово в идиому.
Plastic pollution in the ocean is only the tip of the ___; the real damage is done to marine ecosystems.
- iceberg
- mountain
- glacier
- island
Пояснение: устойчивая идиома the tip of the iceberg переводится как «верхушка айсберга, лишь малая часть проблемы». Менять слова внутри этого выражения нельзя.
Ответ: 1.
Задание 5
Установи соответствие между английской фразой и её значением.
A. Pose a threat.
B. Raise awareness.
C. Take measures.
- Повышать осведомлённость.
- Принимать меры.
- Представлять угрозу.
Пояснение: фраза pose a threat означает «представлять угрозу», raise awareness — «повышать осведомлённость», а take measures — «принимать меры».
Ответ: A — 3, B — 1, C — 2.
Заключение
Теперь в твоём арсенале есть всё необходимое для уверенной работы с темой «Природа»: продвинутая лексика, фразовые глаголы, словообразование и устойчивые сочетания слов. Осталось закрепить знания на практике — переходи к заданиям в «100балльном банке».